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؟What is a website and webpage

 A website is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other digital

assets. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the

Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known as a Uniform

Resource Locator. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide

Web.

 A web page is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting

instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). A web page may incorporate

elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.

 Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),

which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and

privacy for the user of the web page content. The user's application, often a web browser,

renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display

terminal.

 The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator

(URL) called the homepage. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although

hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the

reader's navigation of the site.

What is a web browser

 A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information

resources on the World Wide Web.

 An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page,

image, video, or other piece of content.

 Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.

 A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users

to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet.

 Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to

access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

 The major web browsers are Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, and Opera.

Home Page (index)

 When an HTTP client (generally a Web browser) requests a

URL that points to a directory structure instead of an actual

Web page within the directory, the Web server will generally

serve a general page, which is often referred to as a main or

"index" page.

 index.html is the traditional filename for such a page, but

most modern HTTP servers offer a configurable list of

filenames that the server can use as an index. If a server is

configured to support server-side scripting, the list will

usually include entries allowing dynamic content to be used

as the index page (e.g. index.php, index.shtml, default.asp)

even though it may be more appropriate to still specify the

html output (index.html.php or index.html.aspx), as this

should not be taken for granted.

The World Wide Web

 What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?

A worldwide collection of electronic documents

Each electronic document is called a Web page

Also called the Web

Can contain text, graphics, audio, video, and built-in connections

A Web site is a collection of related Web pages

The World Wide Web

 What is a Web browser?

 Program that allows you to viewWeb

pages

Microsoft

Internet

Explorer

Firefox Netscape

Opera Safari

The World Wide Web

 What is a home page?

 The first page that aWeb site displays

 Often provides connections to other Web

pages

Web server

Web server is a machine that serves up the web page requests of a

client on the internet.

 It is a combination of hardware and software.

 Decision as regards the type of a web server is largely dependent on the

volume and type of web activities.

 Web server can refer to either the hardware (the computer) or the

software (the computer application) that helps to deliver content that

can be accessed through the Internet.

Client and Server

 The client–server model of computing is a distributed application that

partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or

service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients. Often clients

and servers communicate over a computer network on separate

hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same system. A

server machine is a host that is running one or more server programs

which share their resources with clients. A client does not share any of its

resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Clients

therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await

incoming requests.

 Client/server describes the relationship between two computer programs

in which one program, the client, makes a service request from another

program, the server, which fulfills the request.

Statics VS Dynamic Website

 A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in

the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded

in Hypertext Markup Language, HTML.

 Static documents are fixed content documents that re created and

stored in a server. The client can get only a copy of the document.

In other words, the contents of the file are determined when the

file is created, not when it is used. When a client access the

document a copy of the document is sent.

 A dynamic document is created by a web server whenever a

browser request the document. When a request arrives, the web

server runs an application program or script that creates the

dynamic document. The server returns the output of the program

or script as a response to the browser that requested the

document.

Download & Upload

An Upload is the opposite of a download because to upload

is when you transfer a file from your computer to the

Internet. For example when webmasters put their web sites

on the Internet they Upload them. FTP is the most popular

way to upload.

Upload content saved on the hard disk or

storage media to the Internet

Download content from the Internet to the

hard disk or storage media.

what is a search engine?

 Basically, a search engine is a software program that

searches for sites based on the words that you

designate as search terms. Search engines look through

their own databases of information in order to find

what it is that you are looking for.

 Web visitors generally use search engines to find sites

matching their search criteria. The visitor enters words

or phrases in the search area, and the search engine

produces a list of related sites

SEARCH ENGINE

 A program that searches documents for specified keywords

and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were

found. Although search engine is really a general class of

programs, the term is often used to specifically describe

systems like Google, Alta Vista and Excite that enable users to

search for documents on the World Wide Web.

SEARCH ENGINE LIST!

1. 20SEARCH

2. ALL THE WEB

3. ALTAVISTA

4. AOL SEARCH

5. ASK JEEVES

6. DOGPILE

7. EBAY

8. EXCITE

9. GIGA BLAST

10. GOOGLE

11. IWON

12. JOEANT

13. NETSCAPE

14. OPENDIRECTORY

15. LYCOS

Web Programming

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

JavaScript

PHP (Preprocessor Hypertext )

ASP (Active Server Page)

Developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is short for HyperText Markup

Language and is a language used to create electronic documents, especially pages

on the World Wide Web that contain connections called hyperlinks to other pages.

Every web page you see on the Internet, including this one contains HTML code that

helps format and show text and images in an easy to read format. Below is an

example of a basic web page in HTML code.

HTML

It is not a programming language in the traditional sense, but

rather a set of instructions about how to display content. The

computer application that translates this description is called

a Web browser.

A basic HTML document requires a minimum

of four sets of elements:

These elements define the essential parts of an HTML document: the

document itself, a heading section, a title section, and a body. Each

of the elements is defined by two tags—a start tag and an end tag.

Tags are always enclosed in angle brackets: <…>. End tags start

with a slash (/). Some HTML elements have only one tag. Most

tags are supposed to occur in pairs, although this rule is only

loosely enforced in HTML.

These elements are organized as follows within an

HTML document:

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

… </body>

</html>

Tags and Attribute

An HTML tag is indicated by opening (<) and closing (>) brackets. Each tag

contains various attributes, depending on the tag used. tags are commands

or code used to tell the computer how to display the page content

Creation of an HTML document

To create an HTML document you need only one things , that is a simpletext

editor. Notepad is the most basic of simple-text editors and you will

probably code a fair amount of HTML with it. Write your code and then save

as filename.html or filename. htm.

CSS

CSS works by enabling you to write rules that you can associate with

elements in the HTML document. These rules control how the content of

that element should be displayed. For example, you might create a rule

specifying that all <h1> elements should be displayed in a black, 28-point,

Arial font. Or you might create a rule specifying that the background color

of everything inside the <body> element should be white (which is the

equivalent of using the bgccolor attribute on the <body> element).

Every CSS rule is made up of two parts:

❑ The selector, which indicates the element or elements to which the rule

applies. If the same rule applies to more than one element, you can use a

comma-separated list of several elements

❑ The declaration, which indicates how you want to style the content of the

element specified in the selector.

❑ A property, which is the aspect of the selected element(s) that you want to

affect; in this case, it is the font-family property, which controls the typeface

used

❑ A value, which is a setting for this property; in this case, it is the Arial

typeface

Each CSS property is followed by a colon then the value of the attribute

Properties are separated by semicolons

Properties and their values in CSS are very similar to the stylistic attributes

and their values that you know from HTML. For example, the CSS fontfamily

property is just like the face attribute on the <font> element, and the

CSS font-size property is just like the size attribute on the <font> element.

Understanding Style Rules

 The style characteristics for an HTML element

are expressed by Style Rules .

 A set of style rules is called a Style Sheet.

 Style rules are contained in the <STYLE>

element in the document’s <HEAD> section.

<Head>

P {color:blue; font-size: 24pt;}

</Style>

</Head>

body {

font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif;

color: black;

background: white;

margin: 8px;

}

Selector Declaration Block

Attribute Name

Value

CSS Rule

University of Zakho - Computer Science

Dept.

Originally developed by Brendan Eich and known as LiveScript, which was renamed

to JavaScript in 1995. JavaScript is an interpreted client-side scripting language that

allows a web designer the ability to insert code into their web page. JavaScript is

commonly placed into an HTML,ASP, or a similar file and run directly from the web

page to perform tasks such as printing the time and date, creating a calendar, or

other tasks that are not possible through plain HTML.

JavaScript is a coding language that can help your pages become more interactive for

your visitors. Don't get JavaScript confused with Java. JavaScript and Java are two

different languages. JavaScript has the ability to do some nice things. Just remember

you are making it more interactive for your visitors, if this makes your site less

useable then don’t do it. Don’t make your visitors hate your site. JavaScript can

detect user browsers, make cookies, validate forms, dynamically add content or call

different variables.

JavaScript

Created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 and publicly released June 8, 1995, PHP, which is

short for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, is a server-side interpreted scripting

language designed for creating dynamic web pages and web pages that effectively

work with databases.

PHP can be used on almost any platform, Windows or Linux variants and many types

of web servers including Apache and IIS. PHP can be used for managing email,

connecting to other web sites or servers, processing form information, storing

information in a database, creating cookies in a web browser, and much more. It can

connect to almost any type of database in the world but most commonly is used in

conjunction with MySQL.

PHP

ASP is very similar to PHP. It is primarily only supported on Windows servers but

there have been a few attempts to make it work on a Linux server such as Sun's

Chilisoft. ASP can be used to send and receive email, connect to other servers,

process form information, store information in a database, create cookies or sessions

in a web browser, and much more. It can connect to several types of databases but it

often uses MS SQL. ASP also supports functions (blocks of code that can do specific

things over and over) and objects (groups of functions that represent real-world

objects like a book or a user).

ASP

MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is

developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation.

MySQL is a open source Relational Database Management System. MySQL is very

fast reliable and flexible Database Management System. It provides a very high

performance and it is multi threaded and multi user Relational Database management

system.

MySQL is one of the most popular relational database Management System on the

web. The MySQL Database has become the world's most popular open

source Database, because it is free and available on almost all the platforms. The

MySQL can run on Unix , window, and Mac OS. MySQL is used for the internet

applications as it provides good speed and is very secure. MySQL was developed to

manage large volumes of data at very high speed to overcome the problems of

existing solutions. MySQL can be used for verity of applications but it is mostly used

for the web applications on the internet.

MYSQL

Whenever there is a need for inter-linking hugely databases to generate

database driven websites, web programmers or web developers unanimously

agree on using PHP programming or ASP.Net programming. ASP (

Active-server-pages) and PHP ( Hyper text preprocessor) are considered as

the two most popular and standard web programming languages because of

their unique advantages over other web development languages. Both ASP.Net

and PHP are developed to provide support to dynamic database driven

websites. ASP.Net works smoothly on Microsoft products and it can be used

with only IIS (Internet Information Server); whereas PHP can be run on any

kind of platform as well as it can be connected with different types of

databases.

ASP.Net is comparatively new programming language which was launched in

2002 by Microsoft. This web development language is best for building web

applications, web services and dynamic websites. On the other hand PHP was

launched in 1995 by Rasmus Lerdorf. It is an open source software and it can

be downloaded for free under the PHP license

PHP and ASP.Net have some other differences too, which are elaborated

below:

• Database Compatibility

As PHP uses MySQL for the purpose of database connectivity, it is highly flexible in

nature. Another important fact is that it will incur extra expenditure because MySQL

can be accessed for free. Whereas, ASP.Net uses MS-SQL for connecting database but

MS-SQL can not be availed free from Microsoft.

• Cost

Linux can be used for running PHP programs and Linux is free operating system.

Therefore, the cost of developing a website in PHP language is remarkably low. On

the other hand, you need to install Internet Information Server (IIS)on a Windows

server platform if you want to run ASP.Net program. As Windows server platform is

not a free product, the cost of production is bounded to be increased.

• General Run Time

It has been observed that ASP.Net code runs slower than PHP code. This is because

ASP.Net utilizes server space while running whereas inbuilt memory space is used by

PHP while running.

• Coding Simplicity

ASP.Net codes are somewhat complicated and a web developer needs to work hard

to get the hang of it. But PHP codes are very simple and a programmer does not

have to make a diligent effort because it is comparatively easier than other types of

programming languages.

• Platform Connectivity Issue

ASP codes are usually run on Windows platforms but if you install ASP-Apache in

the server than it can run on Linux platform as well. PHP has a unique advantage

in this issue. Its codes can be linked with different types of platforms such as

Windows, Linux and UNIX.

• Cost of Tools

PHP codes are available for free in various forums and blogs as it is a open source

software. Furthermore, some useful tools that can be used in PHP are also

available for free. However, no such free tools are available for ASP.Net.

• Background Language Support

The codes that are used in PHP are very much similar to that of C++ language

and its syntax resembles the syntax used in C and C++. Therefore, if you have a

fair knowledge in C++ or C, you will not face any difficulty while coding PHP

language. However, the syntax of ASP is more or less similar to that of Visual basic

syntax and this is all but simple.

• Security

Though PHP can offer enough measures for ensuring data security, ASP. Net is

reputed for creating sophisticated techniques to ensure the safety of confidential

data. This is the reason why government organizations opt for ASP.Net